Tree Alphabet « Thread Started on Dec 4, 2008, 10:33am »
It can be difficult to get to know trees so this thread may help you. I have set myself the challenge of making a Tree Alphabet by tackling a different letter of the alphabet every day. (But can I do X?)
A is for Apple
and also for Ash. This ancient ash is on Bishop's Stortford Meads.
A is also for Alder which likes to have its feet in the water of the Stort
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #1 on Dec 5, 2008, 1:55pm »
B is for Beech
The beech also gave us our word "book" as early writings were made on beech tablets or sheets of bark. There are some gigantic, ancient beech trees in Epping Forest.
B is also for Birch which gave its name to Birchanger Wood
And also for Blackthorn which gives us sloes for flavour
The Box tree is very slow growing and gives its name to many placenames - Box Hill, Buxton etc
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #3 on Dec 7, 2008, 8:39am »
D is for deciduous - those trees that shed their leaves in the autumn.
D is also for Dawn Redwood, a conifer thought to have been extinct for five million years. Then, in 1941, one was found growing in a remote village in China. This one was the first to be planted in Britain - in 1949. It can be seen in Cambridge's Botanic Garden where it has been judged as one of the 50 most significant trees in Britain. More information at http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/DawnRed.htm
D is also for Damson, Dogwood and Deodar and for the Dryads - the tree spirits of ancient mythology.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #4 on Dec 8, 2008, 10:00am »
E is for Elm - once so typical of the English countryside.
Dutch Elm disease comes in cycles, but the outbreak in 1966 was very virulent and wiped out most of the mature elms in Europe. The disease is due to a fungus that is spread by the mouth parts of wood boring beetles. The elm tries to contain the disease by shutting down its sap conducting vessels. Everything above the infection is starved of sap and dies. Fortunately, the roots survive and send up suckers which flourish until they mature and then they too succumb.
However, some elms can still be seen in Hatfield Forest and are most easily recognised by their seeds.
Mature elms survive on the Isles of Scilly because the beetles have never managed to fly that far.
E is also for Elder It was said that you must ask permission from the witch that lives in every elder before cutting one
Elder flowers
Elder berries
E is also for Eucalyptus - those lanky Australians that gardeners plant and then wish that they hadn't when they grow impossibly tall.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #5 on Dec 9, 2008, 9:21am »
F is for Fig They come from the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia, but do surprisingly well in Britain.
Often growing from discarded pips on rubbish dumps, there is a famous colony of giant figs along the banks of the Don in Sheffield. There, industrial use of cooling water has lifted water temperatures. They require warmth and the inner cities give that requirement so that some magnificant specimens can be seen in London. This fig tree is in the Clerkenwell area of london.
F is also for firs and there are at least two Douglas Firs in Birchanger Wood. Those growing in Scotland and Wales have now reached 65 metres and are Britain's tallest trees. Those growing where they originated on the western coasts of north America were once the tallest trees in the world at 120 metres. But they were all cut down for their timber! They are named after their discover, David Douglas a young Scots botanist. He spent ten years travelling in America and elsewhere bringing back new plants to Britain. On the 12th July 1834 he was in Hawaii and fell into a pit dug to trap the local and ferocious wild cattle. At least one animal was already in the pit and he was gored and trampled to death. He was only 35 years old.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #6 on Dec 10, 2008, 9:43am »
G is for Ginkgo biloba - a living fossil from the Mesozoic Era (250 - 65 million years ago). It dates from the time of the tree-ferns long before there were any other trees. It was known only from fossil leaves. Then in 1758, a ginkgo was found growing in a temple garden in Chekiang Province, China. A 3,000 year-old living ginkgo has been reported in Shandong province in China. Today they are endangered in the wild, but can be bought from any decent garden centre. This one is growing in front of the Herts and Essex school in Warwick Road, Bishop's Stortford.
The fan shaped leaves have also given it the name of the Maidenhair Tree because of its resemblance to the fronds of the maidenhair fern.
G is also for gean - the wild cherry and for gum trees (eucalyptus).
In Cambridge Botanic Garden , you can also see a very battered gleditsia sinensis.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #7 on Dec 11, 2008, 8:53am »
H is for Hornbeam - my favourite tree. Its name means "hard tree" and the wood is very hard indeed and was used for cogs in water and wind mills.
There are some splendid ancient hornbeams in Epping Forest and those in Hatfield Forest are worthy of national recognition. They have been pollarded and they regrow branches from the top of the cut trunk. Water gets into the crown and most rot within leaving hollow or divided trunks like this.
This tree is sending down aerial roots from the crown and so resurrecting itself.
While this one tries another tactic. It walks! The weakened hollow trunk leans to one side until its top touches the ground. Then it sends down roots and grows a new trunk. Has it done this before and will it do it again? Gradually the tree "walks" and moves its position.
The best way to recognise a hornbeam is from the fluted trunks which look like writhing serpents.
Hornbeam catkins
H is also for Hazel
and Holly
Hatfield's Hawthorns are among the oldest in Britain (and that almost certainly means the world)
Hatfield also has the much rarer Midland Hawthorn.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #8 on Dec 12, 2008, 12:55pm »
I is for Italian or Lombardy Poplar These are growing alongside the Stort in Stortford's town park.
I is also for ivy that clothes so many trees. Its flowers and berries are a rich source of food for late flying insects and winter birds - but it's not really a tree. I is also for Ilex - the generic name of the holly family
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #9 on Dec 13, 2008, 8:52am »
J is for Juniper - a scarce tree of chalk scarps, moorland and Scottish pine woods.
Juniper is the only conifer to be native to Britain, Eurasia, North America and North Africa. Its berries take three years to ripen. These pictures were taken in Teesdale.
J is also for Judas Tree and is said to be the tree that Judas Iscariot hung himself from. They are from the eastern Mediterranean and this one is in Cambridge Botanic Garden
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #11 on Dec 15, 2008, 3:22pm »
L is for Lime which is often grown as a street tree.
Common lime is a hybrid of the small-leaved and large-leaved limes, but not too popular now as it attracts aphids which secrete sticky "honeydew " over all the cars parked below! In prehistoric times, the small-leaved lime was one of the most common trees. Now, like its cousin the large-leaved lime, it is scarce and difficult to find. Hatfield Forest has none although it can be found in the woods of north-east Essex
L is also for Larch - the only conifer to drop its leaves in the autumn. There are larches by Gravel-pit Coppice in Hatfield Forest and by Brake Brothers in Dunmow Road
L is also for lilac and for laburnum - one of the most poisonous trees in the garden
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #12 on Dec 16, 2008, 11:02am »
M is for Maple - the most colourful tree in the autumn.
There are some beautiful and ancient field maples in Hatfield Forest. This one is probably the largest in Britain, but not everyone accepts that it is a single tree.
The Property Manager and the expert author, Oliver Rackham, believe that it is a multi-trunked tree growing from a now decayed coppiced stool. I measured its girth at 16.25 metres and that makes it the biggest in Britain.
Nearby, there is an ancient fragment of a field maple that still manages to put out new leaves every spring. Just one side of a now vanished hollow shell of its trunk survives.
Field Maple leaves can be recognised by their five-pointed hand shape.
M is also for magnolias which were the first trees to evolve flowers. Magnolia flowers are shaped much like pine cones. M is also for mulberry. The black mulberry was imported from Asia to provide food for silk worms.
Finally, M is for monkey-puzzle - that peculiar favourite from Chile so beloved by the Victorians.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #13 on Dec 17, 2008, 10:36am »
N is for Norway Maple - Acer plantanoides.
There are some fine young specimens by the swimming pool at Grange Paddocks. It is native to Europe, but not to Britain. They were introduced to Britain in 1683.
N is for nuts - the edible seeds found inside the fruit of trees such as the almond, hazel and walnut.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #14 on Dec 18, 2008, 9:55am »
O is for Oak - the national tree of England. For centuries we have used it to build our houses and sailing ships.
The girth of the Barrington Oak in the grounds of Barrington Hall is the largest in our area and one of the largest in England. This is the oak that gave its name to Hatfield Broad Oak.
Hatfield Forest has many fine oak trees and the best known is the one by the lakeside. Look up and see the giant gall on one of its boughs.
That oak is not Hatfield Forest's largest though. To see what is claimed to be the biggest oak, you have to go to the wild and little visited section in the extreme south of the forest.
The oldest oak is the "Palm-of-hand oak" in the forbidden zone of the "plane crash site". This oak is reputed to be 1,200 years old and was first coppiced by Saxon woodsmen long before the Norman Conquest. Coppicing has certainly extended its lifespan, but at the expense of all natural form and beauty.
We are all familiar with acorns, but have you ever looked at the flowers of an oak tree?
O is also for osier - the willow used for basket weaving, O is for orange and olive trees too.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #15 on Dec 19, 2008, 10:33am »
P is for Pine, but only the Scots Pine is native to Britain.
There are some tall scots pines by the lower lakes in Hatfield Forest
This group of pines was planted by the Houblons when Hatfield Forest was landscaped. It includes Scots pine, black Austrian pine and Corsican pine
P is also for poplar - a difficult group that hybridises freely. They are often referred to as "railway poplars" because they grow alongside railways where the seeds are drawn along by the slipstream of passing trains.
The pure bred black poplar is very rare. This one is in Epping Forest near Chingford. It is characterised by great burrs on the trunk and limbs.
P is for plane trees. The famous London planes that do so well in polluted cities by constantly shedding dirty bark, are hybrids between the American plane and the oriental plane. This is one of the two enormous planes in Hatfield Forest. Oliver Rackham writes that it is an oriental plane and that the one by the lake is a London plane.
P is also for prunus - the huge family that includes the plums and cherries as well as the apricot and peach. P is for pear as well as the palm.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #16 on Dec 20, 2008, 10:52am »
Q is for Quercus - the huge oak family.
Ancient hollow oaks can be host to a huge variety of wildlife -beetles, bees, lichens, moss, fungi. This is the Rhandirmwyn oak in mid Wales.
The two oaks native to Britain are Quercus robur - the English or pedunculate oak and Quercus petraea - the sessile oak. The difference is all in their acorns.
Those of the pedunculate oak have long stalks
While those of the sessile oaks have very short stalks or none.
All of the oaks in Hatfield Forest are Quercus robur (Pedunculate Ok) but there is one planted Quercus rubra (Red American Oak) in Emblems coppice
This is the famous Cambridge Oak - Quercus x warburgii. It is a hybrid of Quercus robur (the English Oak) and Quercus rubra (the Red American Oak)
Its leaves are quite different from those of our English oaks
Another oak with very different leaves is the evergreen Quercus ilex - the Holm Oak. The second part of its name "ilex" refers to the holly family (Ilex) as its leaves are prickly too. There are two fine holm oaks at the ruined Copped Hall near Epping.
An oak of great commercial importance until recently, is Quercus suber - the Cork Oak. Bark was stripped from the trees every 7 - 10 years and made into corks for wine bottles, life jackets etc. The invention of the plastic bottle stopper threatens the Mediterranean cork oak plantations with all of the associated wildlife.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #17 on Dec 21, 2008, 8:46am »
R is for Rowan - also known as Mountain Ash.
The rowan's natural habitat is upland and it can be found quite high in Britain's mountains. Rowan is one of the most magical trees in folklore and although known as the "mountain ash", it is not an ash but a sorbus (Sorbus aucuparia). The rowan should be in every garden as birds love its berries. Easily recognised by its compound, serrated leaves, it is a small tree that will never become a problem in even the smallest garden.
Rowan blossom will brighten any garden and can often be seen in parks or in street plantings.
The berries are gorgeous and will bring birds flocking to your garden
R is also for Redwood, the tallest trees in the world are the Coast Redwoods of California. The world's largest tree is "General Sherman" which grows high in the Sierra Nevada. In Britain, we can grow the Giant Redwood also known as the Giant Sequoia or Wellingtonia. There are some fine large redwoods in some of the front gardens in Warwick Road, Bishop's Stortford.
Hatfield Forest has two in Gravelpit Coppice - planted by the Houblons. You can't miss them!
You can see much bigger redwoods in Cambridge;'s Botanic Garden.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #18 on Dec 22, 2008, 9:56am »
S is for Spindle and one of Nature's wildest colour clashes.
The straight, hard twigs of the spindle were used for making skewers and spindles for weavers. The flowers are small and yellowish green, but it is the bizarre orange and pink berries that are so startling. There are still a few dotted about in Hatfield Forest, but a lovely spindle was recently cut down on the dam - just where it could be seen by most visitors!
S is also for sycamore which is a type of maple. Regarded as a weed tree by gardeners and woodland managers, it spreads rapidly by seed. When we were kids in East London, we loved to play with the sycamore's spinning "helicopter" winged seeds.
S is for spruce. There are forty different kinds of spruce, but it is the Norway Spruce that is our traditional Christmas Tree.
So when you hear someone complain that "Christmas trees drop pine needles all over the carpet" - you can tell them that the Christmas tree is not a pine, but a spruce!
S is also for sallow, one of the members of the salix family - the willows.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #19 on Dec 23, 2008, 9:56am »
T is for Tulip Tree, a relative of the magnolias.
This tree, from eastern North America, has very primitive, greenish yellow flowers similar in shape to tulips, but which have evolved from pine cones. The four pointed leaves are strange too, but it has beautiful pinky orange bark. There is a single tree in Hatfield Forest. Look for it by the small northern gate to the cafe enclosure.
T is also for Tamarisk. This straggly, windswept tree has tiny scale like leaves and masses of minute pink flowers. It is often planted by the seashore as it is very tolerant of salt laden spray. So much so, that it actually excretes salt from special glands.
T is for Tree Ferns These are the oldest of all the trees, but not really trees at all - the trunks are formed from the bases of dead fronds from previous years. Dating from a time long before there were any trees or flowering plants, the vast tree fern forests were grazed by dinosaurs and decayed to form our coal seams. Now they survive only in south-east Australia and Tazmania. The hardiest tree fern is Dicksonia antartica which we can grow in British gardens. Sadly, the tree ferns are sawn into smaller and smaller logs to be sold in garden centres.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #20 on Dec 24, 2008, 10:30am »
U is for Umbrella Pine - also known as the stone pine (Pinus pinea)
Unmistakeable umbrella shape gives it its name and this one in Hatfield Forest reminds be of those Martian tripod machines in "War of the Worlds". See how it looms threateningly over the other trees!
The largest umbrella pine in Britain grows in Cambridge's Botanic Garden and in 2007, I was asked to photograph it for the Tree Register of Britain and Ireland for their Champion Trees database.
Umbrella pines are native to the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #21 on Dec 25, 2008, 9:48am »
V is for Viburnum and two are colourful natives to Britain. Both are small trees or shrubs.
Viburnum lantana is known as the wayfaring-tree. It has beautiful flowers in the spring and the most gorgeous red berries thst gradually ripen to black. This gradual ripening means that birds can "come and come again" and prolong their feeding. The tree benefits too as the birds digest the fruit, the seeds pass unharmed through their gut and are excreted with a coating of fertiliser far from the parent tree.
Viburnum opulus is the guelder rose although it is not a rose at all. It has two kinds of flowers - the larger outer ones are sterile and the smaller inner ones are fertile.
It is much loved by birds for its heavy crop of berries and the leaves also turn a fiery red in the autumn. Such a beauty!
Until a few weeks ago, several viburnums, both wayfaring tree and guelder rose, could be seen with their gorgeous red berries and leaves on the dam of Hatfield Forest Lake. Now they have all been cut down - just at a time when the berries were ready for the birds and might have attracted waxwings. The viburnums must have been planted on the dam when its height was increasd in 1979. Yet now, "legislation" decrees that no trees can be allowed on the dam in case their roots weaken it. Such folly and such a sad loss both to birds and to visitors.
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #22 on Dec 26, 2008, 9:56am »
W is for Willows, Walnuts and Whitebeams
Hatfield Forest has the champion Black Walnut, but it is not too well. It is the tallest one in Britain!
The Black Walnut in Cambridge Botanic Garden is a fine specimen.
There are many different sorts of willows and the most famous is probably the Weeping Willow. This comes from China and doesn't grow wild anywhere in the world. We have some beautiful weepng willows along the Stort in Bishop's Stortford town park
There is a fine White Willow by the lake at Hatfield Forest
This is the Crack Willow
All too often, willows are not allowed to grow naturally but are horribly mutilated into severe pollards as at Sawbridgeworth marsh
W is also for Whitebeam - a relative of the rowan. This one is by the Stort on Bishop's Stortford meads.
In Cambridge Botanic Garden there is a magnificent Caucasian Wingnut. This tree is from Iran and since being planted in the garden, it has sent up multiple trunks and formed a grove of its own.
Finally, W is for Wollemi Pine. This is a living fossil that lived 200 million years ago. Thought to have been extinct for millions of years, in 1994 it was discovered alive and well at a remote location in Australia called Wollemi. There were only 100 trees in the wild, but now they are being grown for sale. This one is in Cambridge's Botanic Garden
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #23 on Dec 27, 2008, 8:19am »
X is for Xanthocyparis nootkanensis - the Nootka Cypress.
This is the longest lived tree in the cloud forests of North America and was first discovered at Nootka on Vancouver Island. This one is growing in Cambridge Botanic Garden and saves me from having to cheat and use X for Xmas trees!
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #24 on Dec 28, 2008, 9:48am »
Y is for Yew - oldest of our trees.
Yews can live to a great age and many are more than 2,000 years old. The oldest yew is at Fortingall, Perth and is reckoned to be 5,000 years old. It is not possible to count tree rings to determine age as the trunk rots from inside and the yew grows outwards with new trunks. So age is estimated by measuring the girth of the tree. This picture shows an acnient yew at Alton Priors in Wiltshire
We have no such ancient yews in the Stort Valley, but there is a fine row leading to St Michael's church in Bishop's Stortford. They are probably only a few centuries old.
Hatfield Forest has three good yews by the decoy lake. Again, they are of no great age as they must have been planted by the Houblons in the 18th century. The yew in Thorley churchyard is very much older.
Older still is this yew in Broxbourne churchyard
As so many churchyard yews are more than 2,000 years old, it is clear that they are older than the churches and Christianity itself. We know that the Pope in pagan Saxon times instructed the early bishops to "destroy pagan stocks and stones but reuse pagan temples as churches". So it looks like the ancient yews may have been objects of worship in pagan temples or groves. Yews will always regenerate no matter how much they are cut down. Immortality?
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #25 on Dec 29, 2008, 8:10am »
Z is for Zelkova - the Caucasian Elm.
Zelkova carpinifolia is related to our elm trees and although it can suffer from dutch elm disease, it is more resilient. It comes from Iran, Georgia and Armenia, but is now being planted widely in the USA to replace the American elms destroyed by dutch elm disease. There are some to be seen in Cambridge Botanic Garden.
That completes the Tree Alphabet challenge! I have enjoyed compiling it and I hope that you have found it interesting and may have leaned something new
Re: Tree Alphabet « Reply #26 on Dec 29, 2008, 11:02am »
Thank you Peter for your time and knowledge at piecing together The Tree Alphabet. You must know most of the local landmarks (trees) so well and have some splendid photographs.
My favourite has still got to be the hornbeam with oak and sweet chestnut running a close joint second.
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